Spectrum of Semen Abnormalities and Their Updated Trends Using Machine Learning in District Sialkot, Pakistan

Abstract

Objective: To find out the prevalence and updated trends of semen abnormalities spectrum in District Sialkot of Pakistan.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st October 2022 to 31st November 2024, data of semen analysis total (n=5098) was collected from Dr. Abdul Sittar lab. All result reports having information of age, abstinence period more than 2 days and less than 10 days were including. Oligozoospermia, Severe Oligozoospermia, Azoospermia, Teratozoospermia, Sperm defects and Asthenozoospermia parameters were evaluated according to WHO guidelines. To find out the trends, linear regression was used by Jupyter Notebook of Anaconda Navigator 1.9.12 (Python).

Results: The prevalence of oligozoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, azoospermia, and asthenozoospermia were observed in 472(9.7%), 67(2.3%), 154(3.5%), and 1598(31.3%) of cases, respectively. Teratozoospermia percentage was 35.82%, while the proportions of sperm head, mid-piece, and tail defects were 15.88%, 11.18%, and 8.85%, respectively. Higher proportions of Oligozoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, azoospermia and asthenozoospermia were observed in the 26-30 year age group, with 171(36.2%), 35(52.2%), 60(39.0%) and 551(34.5%) respectively, whereas teratozoospermia, poor motility and very poor motility was most frequent in the 31-35 year age group 305(35.7%), 287(34.5%) and 10(33.3%) respectively. Regarding sperm motility grades, “Grade A” showed good motility in 59.6% and fair motility in 22.0% of samples. “Grade B” motility (poor) accounted for 17.8%, while “Grade C” motility (very poor) was observed in 0.6% of samples. Trend analysis revealed, significant increasing trends in oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and Grade B motility. In contrast, decreasing trends were observed in Grade A motility, Grade C motility, and azoospermia.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate a concerning decline in semen quality parameters in the Sialkot District population during the study period. The statistically significant increasing trends are alarming and need urgent public health initiatives focused on male fertility in the region.